THE RISE OF NON-STATE ARMED GROUPS IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

Abstract

Nigeria has continued to face serious security problems caused by the activities of non-state armed groups, including insurgents, bandits, ethnic militias, separatist-linked groups, armed criminal networks, and violent vigilante formations. This article examines how governance failure has contributed to their rise and spread in Nigeria. It argues that weak institutions, corruption, and other factors have created an environment in which these groups operate with impunity. Beyond committing violence, they challenge the authority of the Nigerian state by controlling movement, collecting illegal taxes, demanding ransom, attacking security agencies, and displacing citizens. These activities weaken the state’s monopoly over the legitimate use of force and reduce public trust in government. The article argues that the rise of non-state armed groups is not only a security problem but also a direct threat to national sovereignty. It concludes that military action alone cannot solve Nigeria’s insecurity. Lasting solutions require stronger governance, accountable leadership, poverty reduction, effective border control, better security coordination, justice reform, and stronger community engagement.